Abstract

Persistent double dorsal aorta is an extremely rare congenital anomaly, with only 13 cases published to date. The objective of this study is to present this embryological variant as observed in the abdominal aorta of a patient. The anatomical description was written up on the basis of a review of electronic medical records and imaging exams. The patient in this case was an elderly 79-year-old man who presented at emergency with pain at rest in the left lower limb. He was admitted and laboratory tests and imaging exams were ordered. The variation was an imaging finding observed on angiotomography, consisting of complete separation of the abdominal aorta into two portions - a ventral and a dorsal, with different calibers – at the level of the third lumbar vertebra. There was also an anomalous origin of the inferior mesenteric artery.

Keywords:
anatomic variant; abdominal aorta; computed tomography; congenital anomaly

Resumo

A aorta dorsal dupla persistente é uma anomalia congênita extremamente rara, com apenas 13 casos publicados até o presente momento. Este estudo tem como objetivo apresentar a variação embriológica observada em aorta abdominal do paciente. A descrição anatômica foi realizada a partir da revisão de prontuário eletrônico e exames de imagem. Desta forma, o presente caso refere-se a um paciente idoso de 79 anos admitido em atendimento hospitalar por queixa de dor em membro inferior esquerdo ao repouso. Foi solicitada a internação do mesmo, assim como exames laboratoriais e de imagem. Obtida como um achado de imagem a partir de angiotomografia, a variação consiste na completa separação em duas porções: uma ventral e outra dorsal, de calibres diferentes, da aorta abdominal, ao nível da terceira vértebra lombar. Isso ocorre em conjunto com a origem anômala da artéria mesentérica inferior.

Palavras-chave:
variação anatômica; aorta abdominal; tomografia computadorizada; anomalia congênita

INTRODUCTION

Congenital aberrations and variants of the aortic arch constitute a wide spectrum of developmental anomalies, are relatively common, occurring in 0.5 to 3% of the population, and may or may not be associated with heart defects.¹1 VanDyke CW, White RD. Congenital abnormalities of the thoracic aorta presenting in the adult. J Thorac Imaging. 1994;9(4):230-45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005382-199423000-00004. PMid:7830294.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005382-19942... ,²2 Barry A. The aortic arch derivatives in human adult. Anat Rec. 1951;111(2):221-38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091110207. PMid:14894834.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091110207... Notwithstanding, embryological defects of the dorsal aorta are exceptional.³3 Mills B, Gest T. Persistent double dorsal aorta: a systematic review of the literature. Clin Anat. 2017;30(4):517-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ca.22844. PMid:28192856.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ca.22844...

Persistent double dorsal aorta is an extremely rare anomaly. The first case was described in 1975 by Mosquera and Micarelli⁴4 Mosquera JE, Micarelli R. Aorta doble [Double aorta]. Rev Fac Cien Med Univ Nac Cordoba. 1975;33(1-4):89-94. Spanish. PMid:1233588. and since then only a few more cases have been reported. Two variants are described in the literature. The pattern most often observed consists of complete separation of two portions of the dorsal aorta. In the other variant, the descending aorta has a double lumen because of the presence of central dividing septum.³3 Mills B, Gest T. Persistent double dorsal aorta: a systematic review of the literature. Clin Anat. 2017;30(4):517-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ca.22844. PMid:28192856.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ca.22844...

This project was approved by the Research Ethics Committee at the Centro Universitário Padre Albino (UNIFIPA), under Ethics Appraisal Submission Certificate number 68416423.0.0000.5430 and consolidated opinion number 5.994.485.

CASE DESCRIPTION

The patient was a white, 79-year-old male. He was admitted via emergency because of pain at rest in the left lower limb, which had worsened approximately 10 days previously. Physical examination found the patient in good general health, with good color and hydration and peripheral perfusion preserved. There was necrosis of the fifth toe of the left foot, with no signs of inflammation. The patient had a personal history of systemic arterial hypertension and peripheral arterial occlusive disease and was a long-term smoker. Initially, laboratory tests and imaging exams were ordered and the patient was admitted. Once admitted, a 60 mg dose of enoxaparin was administered by injection with a 0.6 mL syringe, in addition to analgesia with a 100 mg ampoule of Tramadol and a 1g ampoule of Dipyrone, both injectable, and the left lower limb was warmed. Laboratory tests showed sodium at 136 mmol/L, with no other abnormalities. Doppler ultrasound of the left-side arteries revealed monophasic flow in the common femoral artery, with occlusion of a proximal and medial segment of the femoral artery. The popliteal artery had monophasic flow; the tibial and fibular arteries had monophasic flow, with occlusion of a distal segment of the posterior tibial. The patient remained in hospital for 13 days in a standard ward for clinical treatment and general care. While in hospital, physiotherapy was administered for the peripheral vascular dysfunctions and for the respiratory disorder without systemic complications. On the seventh day in hospital, aortography and arteriography of the left lower limb were ordered, showing the abdominal aorta with normal morphology and flow and diffuse parietal irregularities.

On the 13th day, the patient’s left lower limb had not improved, despite the clinical treatment. The necrosis persisted and there was now discrete yellow secretion, with no hyperemia or local heat, and pulses were not palpable. In order to assess the possibility of transfer to a specialist service in a nearby town, computed angiotomography was ordered on the 13th day. Axial angiotomography slices were acquired of the abdomen after intravenous injection of contrast medium, on which the only remarkable findings were the arterial phase showing opacification of the abdominal aorta and duplication of its inferior portion. The anterior portion had a caliber of 2.6 cm and bifurcated into the external iliac arteries. The posterior portion had a caliber of 2.2 cm, giving rise to the inferior mesenteric artery, which was partially thrombosed and bifurcated into the internal iliac arteries (Figures 1 and 2). The internal iliac arteries were partially thrombosed, more notably on the right, and their distal branches were partially perfused by collaterals from the ipsilateral external iliac arteries. The posterior intercostal arteries originated directly from the thoracic aorta segment. No anomalies of other sites were observed on tomography. A decision was taken to transfer the patient to the specialist service the same day and he was prescribed fasting from 6pm onwards. He was followed-up by a care team in the nearby town.

Figure 1
(a) Axial computed tomography (TC) images with an abdominal window; (b) Sagittal CT image with an abdominal window showing inferior duplication of the abdominal aorta with an anterior unit (tailed arrow) and a posterior unit (simple arrow), from the level of L3; (c) Axial CT image with an abdominal window showing inferior duplication of the abdominal aorta, with an anterior unit with a caliber of 2.6 cm, bifurcating into the external iliac arteries (arrowhead); and a posterior unit with a caliber of 2.2 cm, bifurcating into internal iliac arteries (thrombosed in this study); (d) Axial CT image with an abdominal window showing duplication of the inferior portion of the abdominal aorta, with the posterior unit giving rise to the inferior mesenteric artery (thin arrow).

Figure 2
Serial volume-rendered CT images in a frontal view (a) and left lateral view (b), showing duplication of the inferior portion of the abdominal aorta, which bifurcates into the external iliac arteries (arrowheads) and the posterior portion, bifurcating into the internal iliac arteries (thrombosed in this study).

DISCUSSION

Persistence of a double dorsal aorta is an extremely rare condition, with just 12 cases described to date.³3 Mills B, Gest T. Persistent double dorsal aorta: a systematic review of the literature. Clin Anat. 2017;30(4):517-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ca.22844. PMid:28192856.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ca.22844... ,⁵5 Hurtado CG, Westmoreland TJ, Patel PK, et al. Persistent double dorsal aorta surrounding large neuroenteric cyst. Ann Thorac Surg. 2022;113(3):e239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2021.10.043. PMid:34871576.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2... A bibliographic review conducted by Mills and Gest³3 Mills B, Gest T. Persistent double dorsal aorta: a systematic review of the literature. Clin Anat. 2017;30(4):517-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ca.22844. PMid:28192856.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ca.22844... compiled 11 cases from 1975 to 2016 and just one other case was reported in 2022, by Hurtado et al.⁵5 Hurtado CG, Westmoreland TJ, Patel PK, et al. Persistent double dorsal aorta surrounding large neuroenteric cyst. Ann Thorac Surg. 2022;113(3):e239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2021.10.043. PMid:34871576.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2...

In the embryology of formation of the cardiovascular system, the primary embryonic vessels are the primitive right and left aortas, which connect cranially to the nascent heart via outlet tracts. The caudal extremities elongate via connection to the vascular plexus in the splenic mesoderm. These two paired dorsal aortas are below the lateral plate mesoderm and run the entire length of the embryo. Soon after they appear as separate paired vessels, the dorsal aortas undergo two changes that have a considerable effect on their development and the pattern of the pharyngeal arch. First, each aorta grows cranially beyond the point at which the first artery of the pharyngeal arch joins it, while maintaining a close relation to the developing neural plate. Next, the dorsal aortas fuse, gradually displacing from lateral to medial, immediately caudal of the pharyngeal arches, in the direction of their caudal extremities to form a single medial vessel located between the developing intestine, ventrally, and the notochord, dorsally. The fusion extends as the embryo continues to grow. This fusion of the dorsal aortas starts anteriorly and propagates in the posterior direction.³3 Mills B, Gest T. Persistent double dorsal aorta: a systematic review of the literature. Clin Anat. 2017;30(4):517-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ca.22844. PMid:28192856.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ca.22844... ,⁶6 Hamburger V, Hamilton HL. A series of normal stages in the development of the chick embryo. Dev Dyn. 1992;195(4):231-72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001950404. PMid:1304821.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001950404... ,⁷7 O’Rahilly R. The timing and sequence of events in human cardiogenesis. Acta Anat. 1971;79(1):70-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000143625. PMid:5131683.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000143625...

Along their path, each dorsal aorta emits small branches to the intersegmental plexuses between the somites, in addition to the vitelline branches to the corresponding side of the vitelline sac. Caudally, it also emits a large umbilical branch. The external and internal iliac arteries on each side emerge as branches of the intersegmental plexuses. In the sacral region, the intersegmental arteries are highly modified, but in the superior lumbar and thoracic regions, these arteries persist throughout life as the intercostal and lumbar arteries, arranged in series.⁶6 Hamburger V, Hamilton HL. A series of normal stages in the development of the chick embryo. Dev Dyn. 1992;195(4):231-72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001950404. PMid:1304821.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001950404...

Two patterns of persistent double dorsal aorta are described in the literature.³3 Mills B, Gest T. Persistent double dorsal aorta: a systematic review of the literature. Clin Anat. 2017;30(4):517-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ca.22844. PMid:28192856.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ca.22844... ,⁸8 Karadeli E, Ulu E. CT of double descending thoracic aorta in an adult female. Diagn Interv Radiol. 2009;15(3):179-81. PMid:19728263. Trubnikov et al.⁹9 Trubnikov GV, Naĭmark DA, Nalobina MS, Kolomiets AI. Sluchaĭ dvoĭnoĭ aorty s vazorenal’noĭ gipertonieĭ [Case of double aorta with vasorenal hypertension]. Klin Med. 1977;55(2):138-41. Russian. PMid:853689. and Khristova et al.¹⁰10 Khristova M, Tsenova V, Gegova A. Riadŭk sluchaĭ na dvoĭna aorta descendens u vŭzrasten chovek [Rare case of a double descending aorta in an adult]. Eksp Med Morfol. 1985;24(3):44-9. Bulgarian. PMid:4065014. describe a descending aorta pattern in which there is a double lumen separated by a central dividing septum. The second, more prevalent pattern, has been described by Mosquera and Micarelli,⁴4 Mosquera JE, Micarelli R. Aorta doble [Double aorta]. Rev Fac Cien Med Univ Nac Cordoba. 1975;33(1-4):89-94. Spanish. PMid:1233588. Eibach and Walter,¹¹11 Eibach E, Walter E. Einseitige Nierenagenesie, kombiniert mit Aorta duplex persistens und Skelettanomalien [Unilateral renal agenesia, combined with aorta duplex persistens and skeletal anomalies]. Röfo Fortschr Geb Röntgenstr Neuen Bildgeb Verfahr. 1978;129(3):386-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1231124. PMid:151064.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1231124... Formanek et al.,¹²12 Formanek AG, Weisner KM, Lantz PE. Anomaly of the descending aorta: a case of persistent double dorsal aorta. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1991;156(5):1033-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2214/ajr.156.5.2017928. PMid:2017928.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2214/ajr.156.5.2017... Brew et al.,¹³13 Brew S, Waldman A, Casey A, Taylor W. Anomalous intercostal arterial trunk: a case report. Interv Neuroradiol. 2001;7(2):131-3. http://doi.org/10.1177/159101990100700207. PMid:20663339.
http://doi.org/10.1177/15910199010070020... Karadeli and Ulu,⁸8 Karadeli E, Ulu E. CT of double descending thoracic aorta in an adult female. Diagn Interv Radiol. 2009;15(3):179-81. PMid:19728263. Chang and Rubin,¹⁴14 Chang J, Rubin GD. Solitary intercostal arterial trunk: a previously unreported anatomical variant. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2009;2(6):e49-50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.109.851147. PMid:19920036.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.10... Edwards et al.,¹⁵15 Edwards J, Bowers G, Bates W 3rd, Forseen S. Solitary intercostal arterial trunk: second case report. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2013;24(11):1758-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvir.2013.05.061. PMid:24160835.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvir.2013.05... Jie et al.,¹⁶16 Jie B, Yu D, Jiang S. Anomalous posterior intercostal arterial trunk arising from the abdominal aorta. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2016;39(4):624-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00270-015-1198-9. PMid:26253781.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00270-015-119... Mills and Gest³3 Mills B, Gest T. Persistent double dorsal aorta: a systematic review of the literature. Clin Anat. 2017;30(4):517-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ca.22844. PMid:28192856.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ca.22844... and Hurtado et al.,⁵5 Hurtado CG, Westmoreland TJ, Patel PK, et al. Persistent double dorsal aorta surrounding large neuroenteric cyst. Ann Thorac Surg. 2022;113(3):e239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2021.10.043. PMid:34871576.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2... and consists of complete separation of the two portions of the dorsal aorta.

The most observed variation within the category of complete separation of the dorsal aortas consists of presence of a principal dorsal aorta in conjunction with an accessory ascending aorta, which, in the majority of cases, runs to supply the posterior intercostal arteries.³3 Mills B, Gest T. Persistent double dorsal aorta: a systematic review of the literature. Clin Anat. 2017;30(4):517-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ca.22844. PMid:28192856.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ca.22844... ,¹¹11 Eibach E, Walter E. Einseitige Nierenagenesie, kombiniert mit Aorta duplex persistens und Skelettanomalien [Unilateral renal agenesia, combined with aorta duplex persistens and skeletal anomalies]. Röfo Fortschr Geb Röntgenstr Neuen Bildgeb Verfahr. 1978;129(3):386-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1231124. PMid:151064.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1231124...

12 Formanek AG, Weisner KM, Lantz PE. Anomaly of the descending aorta: a case of persistent double dorsal aorta. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1991;156(5):1033-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2214/ajr.156.5.2017928. PMid:2017928.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2214/ajr.156.5.2017...

13 Brew S, Waldman A, Casey A, Taylor W. Anomalous intercostal arterial trunk: a case report. Interv Neuroradiol. 2001;7(2):131-3. http://doi.org/10.1177/159101990100700207. PMid:20663339.
http://doi.org/10.1177/15910199010070020...

14 Chang J, Rubin GD. Solitary intercostal arterial trunk: a previously unreported anatomical variant. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2009;2(6):e49-50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.109.851147. PMid:19920036.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.10...

15 Edwards J, Bowers G, Bates W 3rd, Forseen S. Solitary intercostal arterial trunk: second case report. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2013;24(11):1758-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvir.2013.05.061. PMid:24160835.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvir.2013.05... -¹⁶16 Jie B, Yu D, Jiang S. Anomalous posterior intercostal arterial trunk arising from the abdominal aorta. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2016;39(4):624-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00270-015-1198-9. PMid:26253781.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00270-015-119... The anomaly presented in the current report is similar to the pattern reported by Mosquera and Micarelli,⁴4 Mosquera JE, Micarelli R. Aorta doble [Double aorta]. Rev Fac Cien Med Univ Nac Cordoba. 1975;33(1-4):89-94. Spanish. PMid:1233588. who described complete separation of two dorsal aortas into branches of the same caliber: one ventral and the other dorsal.

It is not rare for congenital anomalies of other sites to be found in conjunction with persistent dorsal aortas. These malformations primarily occur in the renal, vascular, or skeletal systems, particularly in the axial skeleton, in isolation or not. Additional aberrations described include cardiac, pulmonary, glandular, intestinal, and genital variations.³3 Mills B, Gest T. Persistent double dorsal aorta: a systematic review of the literature. Clin Anat. 2017;30(4):517-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ca.22844. PMid:28192856.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ca.22844... ,⁴4 Mosquera JE, Micarelli R. Aorta doble [Double aorta]. Rev Fac Cien Med Univ Nac Cordoba. 1975;33(1-4):89-94. Spanish. PMid:1233588.,⁹9 Trubnikov GV, Naĭmark DA, Nalobina MS, Kolomiets AI. Sluchaĭ dvoĭnoĭ aorty s vazorenal’noĭ gipertonieĭ [Case of double aorta with vasorenal hypertension]. Klin Med. 1977;55(2):138-41. Russian. PMid:853689.,¹¹11 Eibach E, Walter E. Einseitige Nierenagenesie, kombiniert mit Aorta duplex persistens und Skelettanomalien [Unilateral renal agenesia, combined with aorta duplex persistens and skeletal anomalies]. Röfo Fortschr Geb Röntgenstr Neuen Bildgeb Verfahr. 1978;129(3):386-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1231124. PMid:151064.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1231124...

12 Formanek AG, Weisner KM, Lantz PE. Anomaly of the descending aorta: a case of persistent double dorsal aorta. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1991;156(5):1033-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2214/ajr.156.5.2017928. PMid:2017928.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2214/ajr.156.5.2017...

13 Brew S, Waldman A, Casey A, Taylor W. Anomalous intercostal arterial trunk: a case report. Interv Neuroradiol. 2001;7(2):131-3. http://doi.org/10.1177/159101990100700207. PMid:20663339.
http://doi.org/10.1177/15910199010070020...

14 Chang J, Rubin GD. Solitary intercostal arterial trunk: a previously unreported anatomical variant. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2009;2(6):e49-50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.109.851147. PMid:19920036.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.10...

15 Edwards J, Bowers G, Bates W 3rd, Forseen S. Solitary intercostal arterial trunk: second case report. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2013;24(11):1758-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvir.2013.05.061. PMid:24160835.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvir.2013.05... -¹⁶16 Jie B, Yu D, Jiang S. Anomalous posterior intercostal arterial trunk arising from the abdominal aorta. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2016;39(4):624-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00270-015-1198-9. PMid:26253781.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00270-015-119... In conjunction with the embryological defect seen in this case, the patient also had an anomalous origin of the inferior mesenteric artery, which formed from the anterior wall of the posterior branch of the dorsal aorta. Absence of other associated malformations is an exceptional condition, which has only been reported by Karadeli and Ulu⁸8 Karadeli E, Ulu E. CT of double descending thoracic aorta in an adult female. Diagn Interv Radiol. 2009;15(3):179-81. PMid:19728263. and Khristova et al.¹⁰10 Khristova M, Tsenova V, Gegova A. Riadŭk sluchaĭ na dvoĭna aorta descendens u vŭzrasten chovek [Rare case of a double descending aorta in an adult]. Eksp Med Morfol. 1985;24(3):44-9. Bulgarian. PMid:4065014.

The present study describes a unique pattern, with characteristics that had not been observed previously. In this case, the congenital variation was seen on an imaging exam (angiotomography), as in the majority of previous reports⁵5 Hurtado CG, Westmoreland TJ, Patel PK, et al. Persistent double dorsal aorta surrounding large neuroenteric cyst. Ann Thorac Surg. 2022;113(3):e239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2021.10.043. PMid:34871576.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2... ,⁸8 Karadeli E, Ulu E. CT of double descending thoracic aorta in an adult female. Diagn Interv Radiol. 2009;15(3):179-81. PMid:19728263.,¹¹11 Eibach E, Walter E. Einseitige Nierenagenesie, kombiniert mit Aorta duplex persistens und Skelettanomalien [Unilateral renal agenesia, combined with aorta duplex persistens and skeletal anomalies]. Röfo Fortschr Geb Röntgenstr Neuen Bildgeb Verfahr. 1978;129(3):386-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1231124. PMid:151064.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1231124...

12 Formanek AG, Weisner KM, Lantz PE. Anomaly of the descending aorta: a case of persistent double dorsal aorta. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1991;156(5):1033-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2214/ajr.156.5.2017928. PMid:2017928.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2214/ajr.156.5.2017...

13 Brew S, Waldman A, Casey A, Taylor W. Anomalous intercostal arterial trunk: a case report. Interv Neuroradiol. 2001;7(2):131-3. http://doi.org/10.1177/159101990100700207. PMid:20663339.
http://doi.org/10.1177/15910199010070020...

14 Chang J, Rubin GD. Solitary intercostal arterial trunk: a previously unreported anatomical variant. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2009;2(6):e49-50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.109.851147. PMid:19920036.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.10... -¹⁵15 Edwards J, Bowers G, Bates W 3rd, Forseen S. Solitary intercostal arterial trunk: second case report. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2013;24(11):1758-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvir.2013.05.061. PMid:24160835.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvir.2013.05... However, four cases, described by Mills and Gest,³3 Mills B, Gest T. Persistent double dorsal aorta: a systematic review of the literature. Clin Anat. 2017;30(4):517-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ca.22844. PMid:28192856.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ca.22844... Trubnikov et al.,⁹9 Trubnikov GV, Naĭmark DA, Nalobina MS, Kolomiets AI. Sluchaĭ dvoĭnoĭ aorty s vazorenal’noĭ gipertonieĭ [Case of double aorta with vasorenal hypertension]. Klin Med. 1977;55(2):138-41. Russian. PMid:853689. Mosquera and Micarelli,⁴4 Mosquera JE, Micarelli R. Aorta doble [Double aorta]. Rev Fac Cien Med Univ Nac Cordoba. 1975;33(1-4):89-94. Spanish. PMid:1233588. and Khristova et al.,¹⁰10 Khristova M, Tsenova V, Gegova A. Riadŭk sluchaĭ na dvoĭna aorta descendens u vŭzrasten chovek [Rare case of a double descending aorta in an adult]. Eksp Med Morfol. 1985;24(3):44-9. Bulgarian. PMid:4065014. were incidental findings in autopsies.

Studies using fish and birds as embryological models have proposed possible failures of mechanisms related to vasculogenic signaling pathways. These failures may occur because of inappropriate expression or suppression of positive or negative regulators associated with aortic fusion, causing persistence of two paired dorsal aortas.³3 Mills B, Gest T. Persistent double dorsal aorta: a systematic review of the literature. Clin Anat. 2017;30(4):517-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ca.22844. PMid:28192856.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ca.22844...

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